The NLRP3 inflammasome senses various intracellular and extracellular stress signals and orchestrates inflammation through production of IL-1β and IL-18. A significant role for NLRP3 inflammasome signaling in cardiovascular aging, atherosclerosis and heart failure has recently been revealed. Remarkably, clinical trials using canakinumab, an IL-1β antibody and anakinra an IL-1 receptor blocker indicate that inhibition of the inflammasome could be effective in the treatment of various aspects of cardiovascular disease. This symposium will discuss recent progress in our understanding of molecular signals regulating the NLRP3 inflammasome and evidence that the NLRP3 inflammasome is a critical new therapeutic targets for cardiovascular disease.